Charlemagnes Imperial Coronation

Charlemagnes Imperial Coronation Charlemagne, the son of Pepin, was born in 742 A. D. He was king of the Franks and part of the Carolingian line until 768. On Christmas Day of the year 800 A.D. Charles was crowned by Pope Leo III as the Holy Roman Emperor and he remained emperor for fourteen years. The coronation took place at the Basilica of St. Peter in Rome and since then Charlemagne was called emperor and augustus  [1]  . Charlemagnes coronation marked the beginning of the creation of the Holy Roman Empire. Bryce argues that, apart from the beginning of the Holy Roman Empire, his coronation marked also the importance of the Middle Ages; furthermore supports that if the ceremony had not taken place the history of the world would have been different.  [2]  Pope Leo took the decision to crown Charles because: a) Charlemagne rescued him, b) Roman rebels could only be encountered by an Emperor; c) the throne of the empire was empty and in the East the throne was encroached by Irene. Charlemagne, from his side , saw his coronation as the only solution given to the problem of protecting the papacy from the Eastern Empire. Moreover, it was his opportunity to become equal in prominence with the East emperor. There are several accounts concerning the background of the coronation of Charlemagne. Going first, Einhard, was the Frankish court scholar and advisor, as well as Charless friend. His account of the events was written after Charlemagne died. According to Einhard, King Charles felt responsible to keep the church of St. Peterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ safe and protected as well as to restore the Church after the inhabitants of Rome had violently attacked Pope Leo, putting out his eyes and cutting off his tongue, and had forced him to flee to the King for help.  [3]  Moreover, Einhard supports that the king was unaware of the coronation and that the events that took place were arranged only by the Pope. What Einhard in particularly says is that not only had the Pope planned the coronation all by himself, but also that Charlemagne did not desired to be an Imperial Emperor. However, it should be taken into consideration that Einhards work is modeled upon biographies of other imperial writers, e specially Suetonius. Thus, he may have been trying to present Charlemagne as the great person who did have the qualifications to be an Emperor but did not want to be one. When a person did not want the power, but deserved it, he would take it anyway. Bearing in mind that Einhard wanted to be a Roman imperial writer, his work and what he supports have to viewed with caution and not taken into account as completely accurate. In addition, Einhard had a great respect for King Charles, so much, that it has possibly affected his writing. The second account is the biography of Pope Leo III (Liber pontificalis) that provides a different presentation of the coronation in 800 A.D. This biography argues that Pope Leo arranged the coronation of Charles as an Imperial Emperor to reward him for the defense that he gave and the love that he bore for the holy Roman Church and her Vicarà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  [4]  The problem that has to do with this source is the point of view it presents: The events presented in the bibliography are in favour of Pope Leo and that is possibly because clergymen involved with the papal court were responsible of collecting papal bibliographies. The third source is a monastic chronicle, named the Lorsch Annals, supporting that the coronation was planned not only by the Pope, but the holy fathers as well. In addition, it is argued that there was an agreement between the Pope, the holy fathers and the people of Rome that Charlemagne should be crowned as Emperor. Finally, the third source is the account from the Frankish Royal Annals, written by people connected to the Frankish court. In contrast with the other three sources, the Frankish Royal Annals are focusing on Charles and present Leos role as minimal. The source refers to how Charlemagne was admired and loved by all of the population and how much all wanted him to be an Imperial Emperor. According to the historiography of this period, there are three possibilities: the coronation was desired and planned either by a) Pope Leo alone, b) by Charlemagne alone or c) by both Pope Leo and Charlemagne. Pope Leo III was not that much wanted in the Church and from the start of his papacy he had to encounter several issues. In addition his relationship with nobility was nearly terrible. He definitely needed protection an emperor-provided protection. Inside Leos head things were simple: the Frankish King Charles had to be crowned as Imperial Emperor in order to protect and restore the popes position and prestige in Rome. Moreover, the Pope saw in Charles personality a strong believer of Christianity, who could protect and defend Christianity  [5]  . The Popes decision of crowing Charlemagne was also influenced by the fact that Irene encroached the Eastern throne in 797. In addition to that, Leo desired to gain freedom from the restraints of the Eastern Empire, and therefore, freedom to achieve his political goals. An emperor-provided protection in the West would possibly make the Church keep its secular authority. Most of Latin Christendom was outside imperial control and, also, b y the middle of the eighth century, Rome and the lands of central Italy that were controlled by the Roman Church were no longer part of the Byzantine Empire.  [6]  Moreover, the Lombard kingdom seemed to be a threat for papacy and the East seemed unable to protect it. Thus, a different relationship was formed between the Carolingian rulers of the Franks and the papacy. The Carolingians were needed for military reasons and to prevent the Byzantines from intervening in Italy. The coronation initiated the process of liberation from the Byzantines. Thus, Leos need for safety, in addition to the personality of Charles, and Irenes usurpation of the throne, may have made the Pope crown Charles as the Imperial Emperor. The Lorsch Annals give us a description of Charlemagnes assembly of December 800. The discussion here is not the settling of the problems of Pope Leo. It is discussion about the problems in Rome and how the empire should be restored. Therefore it can be said that Pope Leo hid himself behind the problems of the Empires restoration, when, in fact, it was himself he was trying to protect. The Lorsh Annals description is as follows: Since there was no longer an emperor in the land of the Greeks and they all were under the domination of a woman, it seemed to Pope Leo and to all the fathers who sat in the assembly, as well as to the whole Christian people, that they should give the name of emperor to king of the Franks, to Charles, who occupied Rome, where the Caesars had customarily resided, and also Italy, Gaul, and Germany. Because Almighty God had consented to place these lands under his authority, it seemed right, according to the desire of the whole Christian people, that Charles sho uld also bear the imperial title.  [7]   Despite the fact that Charlemagne had imperial objectives, the coronations organisation seems to have been arranged mainly by the Pope. Einhard supports that King Charles expressed unwillingness upon this decision of Leo. Charlemagne reacted negatively not because he did not want the Imperial title, but because he believed that he should not be crowded as emperor by a humiliated Pope. It was more of a prestige issue. However, little doubt remains that he was not aware of the coronation. Evidence can be found in Richà ©s book, where a court poet mentions King Charles as head of the world and summit of Europe, the new Augustus who reigns in a New Rome.  [8]   The last thing to be mentioned is the tension between the West and the East caused by the coronation. Einhard describes this tension: Once he (Charlemagne) had accepted the title, he endured with great patience the jealousy of the so-called Roman Emperors, who were most indignant at what had happened. He overcame their hostility only by the sheer strength of his personality, which was much more forceful than theirs. He was forever sending messengers to them, and in his dispatches he called them his brothers.  [9]  Charlemagne always tried to have a balanced relationship with the East, since he believed in the equality between the former and the West. His attempts, however, had no response. In conclusion, the three reasons mentioned for the coronation of Charlemagne by Leo are all true in a way. The papacy was certainly reluctant to lose its power to the East and therefore saw Charlemagne as its protector. Therefore, the relationship that was formed between the Carolingians and the Pope marked the collapse of partnership between the East and the West Empire. Einhard describes the tension that the coronation caused between the East and Charlemagne: Once he had accepted the title, he endured with great patience the jealousy of the so-called Roman Emperors, who were most indignant at what had happened. He overcame their hostility only by the sheer strength of his personality, which was much more forceful than theirs. He was forever sending messengers to them, and in his dispatches he called them his brothers.  [10]  There is little doubt that Charlemagne did not look forward to his coronation and the Imperial title. He, however, tried to support the idea of equality be tween the West and the East. The most significant aspect, though, of the coronation of Charlemagne comes from the restoration of the Roman Church. On the one hand the restoration strengthened the relationship between Church and secular power in the West. On the other hand, it made worse the relationship between the East and West Empire. Monica Fleener  [11]  argues that the coronation of Charlemagne in 800 A.D. marked the formation of Western Unity. She supports that this is because when Pope Leo sought help from Charlemagne, in order to cope with the problems he had in Italy, Charlemagne responded positively. In addition, that respond, meant the separation of the West and the East, the Roman and the Byzantium Empire. And it was exactly the separation of the West and the North that led to the construction of Europe. The coronation of Charles thus indicated the beginning of Europe.

Digital Piracy: A Problem Without an Effective Solution Essay

Digital piracy is making up profit from illegal copying and reselling music, videos, software videogames and other digital media which requires genuine. In 2005, loses of legal media and software industry from digital piracy was $200 billion (DSTI/IND (2007). Also, Oberholzer-Gee (2010) indicates that 60% of world wide web broadband busy by consumers’ video, game and music sharing. To avoid this issue intellectual proprietors use various methods. In this paper is shown methods to dodge problem of digital piracy. There are two ways to protect legal digital content from piracy. Firstly, there is indirectly impact to society, where manufacturers are producing additional equipment like guitars for game â€Å"Guitar Hero† and forwarding special social services where people can play with each other via internet, so while people playing, system is checking license (Goel, 2010). In addition, companies perform free software with fewer options than paid software. Moreover, some organizations such as Free Software Association and Open Source agitation, which advert spreading software for free have helped to grapple with problem of expensive software and companies that gain from this, for example, Microsoft (Hill, 2007). Secondly, there is direct impact on users, where companies and internet providers use methods which impacts directly on users such as blocking peer-to-peer connections between users and web-sites where users can download pirated software. Furthermore, closing the sources of piracy is supported by governments of countries such as China (Tong, 2008). In this paper is shown methods to protect against piracy such as copy-protected software, closing sources of piracy, legislation and distribution of free soft. Each of solution will b... ...hich are gratuitous, freeness to change and freeness to make copies. For instance, Keating (2003) confirms that in DiaDexus inc., California bioinformatics scientists use open source software in their researches and researchers say that free software helps to save money and have additional properties. For example, in this institution some experts explore source code and make add-ons and patches for areas which they need. Next, free software becomes more popular. For example, The Linux Counter (2006) estimates that there were 18 million users of freely available Linux operating system in 2001 and there were 29 million users after 4 years in 2005. Also, Wade Roush (2004) confirms that in IBM more than 7000 programmers design software for Linux, because of many consumers think that as more beneficial and more protected from viruses than Microsoft’s operating systems.

We need crime prevention, not the death penalty Essay -- essays resear

We Need Crime Prevention, Not the Death Penalty For most crimes committed in the United States a fine, sentence of time in jail or execution is the punishment. However, the death penalty is the most questionable punishment. Is it morally right? Is it effective in deterring crime, primarily murders? Weather or not you agree if it is moral or not, one issue remains. The death penalty is not an effective way to deter crime. The death penalty has existed as long as humans have existed. The quote "an eye for an eye" is found in the Bible. In the middle ages fines, public humiliation and imprisonment were appropriate punishments for all crimes, and death penalty for all murders. Today, Federal law states that the death penalty is to be enforced with convicted criminals for: treason; deserting armed forces during wartime; murder committed by a soldier; kidnapping and murder that involves crossing state lines; murder committed during an airplane hijacking; and of course, homicide. The death penalty is also called for punishment of for: attempting to kill anyone investigating or prosecuting his or her activities; advising, directing, authorizing or assisting in the murder of someone. Also, The Anti-Drug abuse act of 1988 calls for the death penalty for all drug related killings. Along with that, The bill amending sec. 848 to controlled substances act calls for the death penalty or life imprisonment for certain drug offences possession of 10 or more kg of heroin, cocaine, phencyclidine or analogue. Added to that, The drug kingpin act sates the use of death penalty for convicted major drug dealers caught with huge quantities of drugs, over 66 lbs. of heroin and 330 lbs. of cocaine. Even though there are these federal laws requiring the use of the death penalty for the crimes, State laws only consider one crime, murder, to be a capital offense. In the United States alone there have been 4047 executions since 1930, and 188 were from 1977-1996. In 1996, there were a total of 15,168,100 arrests; 33,050 for forcible rape; 1,506,200 involving drug violations and 19,020 for murder and non-negligent manslaughter. The death penalty was enforced 45 times. The death penalty is an expensive punishment, since 1976 the united states have spent 700 million dollars in it. Methods of the death pen... ...s no effect on the deteration of crimes. Statistics show that there is no relationship between the number of crimes committed in death penalty states and the number of crimes committed in non-death penalty states. While a majority of people believes the death penalty is a good punishment for crimes, they do not believe it helps get rid of and prevent crime. Other methods such as increased police officers and a decrease on the availability of handguns are 2 of many alternatives in prevention crimes. Enforcing a harsh punishment for committing a crime is not an effective way to prevent it from happening. Preventing crimes from happening is the most effective way to deter crime. Bibliography "Crimes, Politics and Race" Harvard Journal of law and Public Policy Winter 1997: pg. 405 "Death Penalty Information Center", 1997 http://www.esential.org/dpic/dpic.html (8 Feb. 1998) Nardo, Don Death Penalty San Diego: Lucent Books Inc, 1992 Wekesser, Carol The Death Penalty: Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1991 World Almanac and Book of Facts 1998 Mahwah, NJ: world Almanac and Book of Facts, 1997 We need crime prevention, not the death penalty Essay -- essays resear We Need Crime Prevention, Not the Death Penalty For most crimes committed in the United States a fine, sentence of time in jail or execution is the punishment. However, the death penalty is the most questionable punishment. Is it morally right? Is it effective in deterring crime, primarily murders? Weather or not you agree if it is moral or not, one issue remains. The death penalty is not an effective way to deter crime. The death penalty has existed as long as humans have existed. The quote "an eye for an eye" is found in the Bible. In the middle ages fines, public humiliation and imprisonment were appropriate punishments for all crimes, and death penalty for all murders. Today, Federal law states that the death penalty is to be enforced with convicted criminals for: treason; deserting armed forces during wartime; murder committed by a soldier; kidnapping and murder that involves crossing state lines; murder committed during an airplane hijacking; and of course, homicide. The death penalty is also called for punishment of for: attempting to kill anyone investigating or prosecuting his or her activities; advising, directing, authorizing or assisting in the murder of someone. Also, The Anti-Drug abuse act of 1988 calls for the death penalty for all drug related killings. Along with that, The bill amending sec. 848 to controlled substances act calls for the death penalty or life imprisonment for certain drug offences possession of 10 or more kg of heroin, cocaine, phencyclidine or analogue. Added to that, The drug kingpin act sates the use of death penalty for convicted major drug dealers caught with huge quantities of drugs, over 66 lbs. of heroin and 330 lbs. of cocaine. Even though there are these federal laws requiring the use of the death penalty for the crimes, State laws only consider one crime, murder, to be a capital offense. In the United States alone there have been 4047 executions since 1930, and 188 were from 1977-1996. In 1996, there were a total of 15,168,100 arrests; 33,050 for forcible rape; 1,506,200 involving drug violations and 19,020 for murder and non-negligent manslaughter. The death penalty was enforced 45 times. The death penalty is an expensive punishment, since 1976 the united states have spent 700 million dollars in it. Methods of the death pen... ...s no effect on the deteration of crimes. Statistics show that there is no relationship between the number of crimes committed in death penalty states and the number of crimes committed in non-death penalty states. While a majority of people believes the death penalty is a good punishment for crimes, they do not believe it helps get rid of and prevent crime. Other methods such as increased police officers and a decrease on the availability of handguns are 2 of many alternatives in prevention crimes. Enforcing a harsh punishment for committing a crime is not an effective way to prevent it from happening. Preventing crimes from happening is the most effective way to deter crime. Bibliography "Crimes, Politics and Race" Harvard Journal of law and Public Policy Winter 1997: pg. 405 "Death Penalty Information Center", 1997 http://www.esential.org/dpic/dpic.html (8 Feb. 1998) Nardo, Don Death Penalty San Diego: Lucent Books Inc, 1992 Wekesser, Carol The Death Penalty: Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1991 World Almanac and Book of Facts 1998 Mahwah, NJ: world Almanac and Book of Facts, 1997

Corporate Social and Environmental Responsibility Essay

In this article Christine Coupland discusses web-based forms of the reports and socially responsibility documents of five banking groups: Loyds/TSB, HSBC, The Royal Bank of Scotland, the Co-operative Bank and Barclays. Social and environmental reporting is a broad concern, and, therefore, separation of CSE issues will indicate the allocation of particular status. The study also focuses on the language as the site of action. The central argument is that organizations are socially constructed and emergent. The author uses discourse/textual analytic approach. Moreover, the author draws on media analysis techniques, and analysis of argument and rhetoric. Corporate social reporting is to simplistic. This claim is supported by official statistics aimed at revealing the key benefits of social and corporate responsibility. The author’s purpose of the paper is to challenge public views on benefits of social and environmental responsibility for organizations and web-based reporting. The research focuses on examination of how organization is presented and on five banking groups and the author argues that CSR considerations are becoming more and more important in business world as they serve to peripheralize the information. The article is useful to my research topic as Coupland suggests that organization is the only voice of apart from legitimizing bodies. The main limitation of the article is that little attention is paid to social and environmental reporting – I think the author should provide more information on the issue. Thus, the author indicates that social and environmental responsibility should be paid more attention. The article will not form the basis of my research; however, it will be useful supplementary information.

Encountering conflict Essay

â€Å"Peace is not absence of conflict, it is the ability to handle conflict by peaceful means,† this quote by Ronald Regan shows that conflict is an inevitable part of society. Conflict is a fundamental part of life and is always present for every individual throughout their everyday life. Encountering conflict means to face or handle conflict and the ways in which we go about trying to resolve it. Different types of conflict can be local, national, religious, political, economic or cultural. There are a number of reasons why conflict occurs; difference in beliefs, morals, religion and values, fear and unmatched expectations. Conflict has a number of different causes, consequences and ways it can be resolved. Individuals are entitled to their own opinion, which often causes dismay to others. Conflict is a huge part of social experiences which allows us to learn and grow. The nature of conflict shows that conflict can either push people away or bring them into having a closer, more comfortable relationship. Many people try to avoid conflict and try to find a way around it – even if this isn’t the right thing to do. Without conflict in a relationship can mean individuals cannot express their true opinions, thoughts and feelings for example; when an argument in the family arises, without the skills to negotiate and deal with the conflict, there will never be a positive outcome. Conflict comes in many different forms- political, religious, interpersonal, family, all of these deals with issues that arise due to difference of opinion or belief and are an inevitable part of human life. There are a wide range of causes as to why conflict occurs. Whether big or small, conflict is usually cause by a difference of opinion. Some cases of conflict are extremely small and harmless- a fight with your sibling about ‘who gets the bathroom first’ or an argument with friend, others can be more serious and potentially life threatening like war and murder. Causes of conflict that involve family, friends or in the workplace can be explained by personality clash, competition or even just a misunderstand ing. As subjects like politics, religion and culture are sensitive issues to which individuals can be very opinionated about; conflicts that occur can have a big impact- negative or positive. When conflict arises from these more serious issues it can be caused by difference of opinion from a leader, a desire for power or a countries disagreement with their political party. Although conflict can allow people to express their views and work co-operatively with others, the  negative effects can often be permanent in cases of war or murder. No one deals or reacts to conflict in the same way- every person handles it differently. How a person reacts to conflict shows a sense of their identity and perception of one’s self. Many people shy away from conflict and aim to avoid it at all cost. Others confront it in a way that allows it to be resolved. For example, when a disagreement in the workplace occurs, will an individual express their opinion even if it means an argument? Or will they conform and agree with whom is involved? Or when a physical fight breaks out, will an individual stay calm and collected? Or will they retaliate and fight back. Reactions to conflict expose ones personality and limitations which is important as part of everyday life. Examples of severe conflicts where many lives have been lost are usually well known historical events. The conflict in Northern Ireland showed how difference of political views can cause major conflict and ultimately death and destruction. This conflict was primarily a political one due to the constitutional state of Northern Ireland – the Unionists wanted Northern Ireland to remain a part of the United Kingdom and the Protestants who wanted to leave the United Kingdom and join a united Ireland. This conflict lead to the loss of 29 innocent lives and proved what conflict can do when dealt in the wrong way. Conflict needs to be resolved in order to move forward. When dealing with conflict in domestic places- home, school, work- it is usually easy to overcome. The most effective way to solve these issues is to negotiate and find some sort of ‘middle ground’ that both parties agree on. By solving conflict effectively can allow you to grow socially and emotionally. Resolving conflict can improve someone’s understanding, group cohesion and self-knowledge which is essential as you move on through life. In cases of war and the ‘Omagh bomb’ conflict can sometimes not be resolved; the loss of innocent lives cannot be brought back and the destruction and psychological trauma cannot be reversed. In saying that, in order to move on, a negotiation or agreement must occur for a conflict to be resolved and help people involved to deal with the consequences of the conflict. Ultimately, conflict is a part of being human and cannot be completely avoided. We must learn to deal with conflict and be able to respond to it in an appropriate manner. According to M Esther Harding, â€Å"Conflict is the beginning of consciousness,† from which we can gather that conflict will always arise due  to a person’s opinions, beliefs and values. Although conflict can have serious negative consequences, it can provide realistic and achievable positive outcomes which allow you to develop as a person and gain extremely important knowledge which you will value as you go through life.

Beauty: Analysis of the Idea of Beauty

Beauty: Analysis of the Idea of Beauty Is beauty only skin deep? What role, if any, does society play in the views of beauty? Does body modification enhance or detract from a person’s beauty? What role does the idea of beauty play in a person’s life? The idea of beauty is something that has changed over generations, and is something that is constantly evolving to this day. The idea of beauty is shaped by media interaction, societal views, and also engaged in by body modification whether that modification be piercing, tattooing, extreme dieting, plastic surgery, or otherwise. Do we, as a society, overvalue the idea of beauty? People use various practices to shape their bodies into culturally defined ideal physiques, and media both construct and reinforce beauty ideals. † (Jackson & Lyons, 2012) Beauty is defined by the culture a person lives in, grew up in, and is shaped by throughout life. The idea of beauty is never the same for any person, but can have similar c haracteristics. The media, which is a conduit of the social norm, defines beauty everyday and many feel the need to change themselves in order to fit this idea. â€Å"Within contemporary Westernized cultures there is a pervasive interest in practices aimed at altering the human physique.Such practices, which include cosmetic surgery, bodybuilding, dietary modification, exercise regimes, and eating disorders, signify a cultural fascination with (a pursuit of) the ‘perfect’ body. † (Jackson & Lyons, 2012) Some people dedicate their entire lives for the quest to find their ideal of beauty, to become that ideal and to fall into what is deemed as beautiful by societal standards set in place. But is this correct? Is the ideal of beauty presented by the media, and interpreted by the viewer, correct? Are people motivated to modify their bodies because they are dissatisfied with the image of their body? Body image dissatisfaction is pervasive in America. We believe this d issatisfaction may motivate many persons to undergo cosmetic surgery,† indicates David Sarwer, assistant professor of psychology in psychiatry and surgery at the Center for Human Appearance. â€Å"Many persons hope that cosmetic surgery will help them feel better about their appearance, which, in turn, may promote other psychological benefits, such as improved self-esteem. † (USA, 1999) Many people turn to plastic surgery to modify their bodies because they want to be thought of as beautiful, whether it be by themselves, another person, or society as a whole.Some people can even take drastic measures and develop unhealthy mental conditions which would make them undergo plastic surgery in a desperate attempt to â€Å"fix† themselves. â€Å"Extreme body image dissatisfaction can be a symptom of body dysmorphic disorder, a psychiatric condition defined as a preoccupation with a slight defect in appearance that leads to excessive concern and interruption in daily fu nctioning. † (USA, 1999) But by going through such extremes, is a person really gaining beauty or are they really demolishing what was already beautiful in the first place?Is being dissatisfied with their body, because of the ideals of beauty pressured onto individuals by society, really a reason to change their image through such a drastic measure as plastic surgery? If body modification through plastic surgery is used to capture that â€Å"ideal beauty†, then what about other forms such as piercing, tattooing, carving, or otherwise? Are those deemed acceptable ways to encompass that idea of beauty presented by society? â€Å"Rumbling through the biker culture and punk, piercing gradually shed its outlaw image and was mass marketed to the impressionable by music videos, rock stars and models. (Leo, 1995) Such extreme forms of body modification are presented by the media and societal pressures to be acceptable, fashionable, and â€Å"in style†. As such, many peo ple leap at the idea to become beautiful through such extreme measures. â€Å"Fashions and fetishes. [†¦]Some ask for dramatic piercings to enhance sexual pleasure, to seem daring or fashionable, to express rage, or to forge a group identity. [†¦]Piercing is part of the broader â€Å"body modification† movement, which includes tattooing, corsetry, branding and scarring by knife. It's a sign of the times that the more bizarre expressions of this movement keep pushing into the mainstream. (Leo, 1995) But is that all there is to it? Media has deemed such body modification to be acceptable, and society has agreed that it is an idea of beauty. The arguments for, and against, the idea of beauty presented by the media, accepted and enforced by society, and the extremes at which people can go to gain that ideal beauty can be found everywhere. Is beauty only skin deep? Do we, as a society, overvalue the idea of beauty? Media can incite people to what ideal beauty is. Societ y enforces these views and pressure people into fitting it.Body modification is used by many to gain that idea beauty. But in the end, is that ideal beauty of the skin and body correct or even worth it? References: JACKSON, J. , ; LYONS, T. C. (2012). The perfect body: Men and women negotiate spaces of resistance against beauty and gender ideologies. Women's Studies Journal, 26(1), 25-33. USA, T. (1999, February). Focusing on body image dissatisfaction. USA Today, 127(2645), Leo, J. (1995, 7 23). The ‘modern primatives'. U. S. News. Retrieved from http://www. usnews. com/usnews/opinion/articles/950731/archive_032505. htm

Republic Polytechnic Case Study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Republic Polytechnic Case Study - Assignment Example Implementation of an ERP in any organization involves a life cycle from the decision to adopt it to successful roll out, with discernible implementation phases as characterized by the key stakeholders, typical activities, associated challenges and outcomes. Four broad phases can be discerned based on this framework. They are planning, configuration, testing and actual implementation (Kumar, Maheshwari and Kumar 2003, pp. 795). Other authors present the phases as involving planning, implementation, stabilization and improvement (Markus and Tanis 2000, pp.173-207: Shanks et al. 2000, pp. 2). In the case of Republic Polytechnic’s ERP, the latter framework is seen in action thus forming this paper’s line of discussion.The first stage that was undertaken in RP’s implementation of the ERP is planning. RP needed an Enterprise System that was able to support two considerations. These include their problem-based learning pedagogy and their commitment to an IT strategy tha t would render the campus paperless for faster, efficient and cost-effective processes. RP set out on an outsourcing path for the vendor of an enterprise-wide e-learning management system that would provide a package which could suit RP’s mission and strategic direction. All relevant stakeholders were involved in finding such a vendor, flexible enough to allow for the heavy customization that was necessary for RP’s strategy, to be rolled out dubbed LEO (Learning Environment Online). This step involved two representatives from RP.... o allow for the heavy customization that was necessary for RP’s strategy, finally leading to settling on Wizlearn Pte Limited and their Academic Version 7 package. Post-purchase tailoring was the next step aimed at customizing the vendor’s product to RP’s needs in the system to be rolled out dubbed LEO (Learning Environment Online). This step involved two representatives from RP. These are OAA (Officer of Academic Affairs) and OIS (Officer of Information Systems) and an external IS team from the vendor all of whom liaised together and held discussions that finally resulted in a heavily customized product plan ready to be rolled out. The next phase after the planning part was actual implementation of the settled upon system, done a few weeks before the opening of the school term. The system that was rolled out provided an optimum system for RP and her staff although it was not exactly like they had envisioned as it had not accommodated all their views. Stabilizati on was the next phase for the system. Although the roll out had determined that there would be no need for training of RP staff, it was still necessary to provide basic training on the core features of the LEO. In a similar fashion, the students were trained on a basic general IT course and then given a few lessons on the core features of the LEO by the facilitators. The last phase of RP’s implementation of their ERP was improvement. This involved addition of the features that had been suggested in the planning stage but had been left out in implementation. More improvements on the ERP were based on suggestions from three sources; the top management, the facilitators and the development team itself, with additional suggestions being drawn from the students. The LEO manager determined which improvements