The Biology of Wetlands

The term â€Å"wetlands† is often associated with the image of the coastal marsh – a muddy area that is teeming with a variety of animal life and emergent vegetation such as mangroves, rush and cord-grass. But wetlands are actually areas that are characterized by the formation of hydric soils and the existence of flora and fauna due to the presence of standing water during all or part of the year (Spray and McGlothlin, xiii). Some wetlands cover hundreds or thousands of square kilometers and are therefore homes to a wide variety of plant and animal life.General Biology Ii Study Guide (Online Class) Examples of wetlands include the Florida Everglades, the Hudson Bay Lowlands, the Mekong Delta and the Danube Delta (Van der Walk, 1). At present, there is no universal classification scheme for wetlands. However, wetlands are usually categorized according to their hydrologic flow regimes, vegetation types and hydrogeomorphology. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), for instance, classifies wetlands according to four major types – marshes, swamps, bogs and fens. This basic but simplified scheme was intended to â€Å"(promote) understanding (of) the diversity of wetland ecosystems† (Spray and McGlothlin, xiv). Marshes are regions whose soil is either periodically or continually inundated with water. Mashes are classified into two types – tidal and non-tidal. Tidal marshes are found in areas that have erratic soil moisture due to ocean tides but do not experience heavy wave action. Tidal marshes can be freshwater, brackish or saline. Non-tidal marshes, on the other hand, are freshwater or brackish marshes that undergo episodes of drought (Spray and McGlothlin, xiv). Swamps are wetlands that are characterized by saturated soils during the growing season and standing water at other times of the year. Consequently, swamps are home to many species of plants and animals. The Great Dismal Swamp, a 109-acre forested wetland situated between northeastern North Carolina and southeastern Virginia, is dominated by bald cypress, tupelo, red maple and black gum. It is likewise the habitat of animals like the white-tailed deer, river otter, bats, raccoons, mink, black bear, bobcat, snakes, turtles and at least 200 bird species (Spray and McGlothlin, xv). Unlike marshes and swamps, bogs are wetlands that possess various types of soil and vegetation. Some of the substances found in bogs are peat deposits, acidic water and sphagnum moss. Furthermore, bogs derive their hydration mostly from precipitation instead of from groundwater, streams or runoff – they are therefore sometimes referred to as precipitation-dominated wetlands. Examples of bogs include pocosins (evergreen-shrub bogs located in the southeastern United States) and northern bogs (found in the Northeast and Great Lakes regions of the United States) (Spray and McGlothlin, xv). Akin to bogs, fens are wetlands known for their peat deposits. What differentiates fens from bogs, however, is that the former receive their water supply from groundwater inputs instead of from precipitation. Furthermore, fens have less acidic water and higher nutrient levels than bogs (Spray and McGlothlin, xv). Wetlands play many important roles in preserving the Earth’s ecosystem. Scientists refer to wetlands as the â€Å"kidneys of the Earth† – they filter the water that moves through them of pollutants such as toxins and organic and inorganic nutrients. Wetlands therefore have high levels of sediment-water exchange and mineral uptake, which, in turn, render it suitable for plant and animal life. Wetlands likewise acquire sediments and particles by decreasing the flow velocity of the running water which enters them (Spray and McGlothlin, xvi). Other functions of wetlands include providing flood control, preventing coastal erosion and serving as a critically important habitat for plants and many endangered species. As of 2000, wetlands made up about 3. 5% of the land area of the United States and were the primary habitat of around 50% of the 209 animal species that were listed as endangered 1986. Scientists and environmentalists thus argue that the preservation of wetlands is crucial for environmental health – wetland ecosystems are neither artificially created nor easily regenerated (Spray and McGlothlin, xvi). Wetlands are home to many species of plants – the former are sometimes classified according to the types of hydrophytes present in them. There are three kinds of hydrophytes – submersed, emergent and obligate. Submersed refers to plant species that are completely submerged. Emergent (also known as terrestrial) is identified with plants whose stems and roots are found underwater, but reaches to or above the surface. Obligate (also known as facultative) pertains to plants that thrive both in wetlands and in certain upland habitats (Dennison and Berry, 57). Wetland plants play a key role in the survival of wetland ecosystems. Most wetland animals, as well as many non-wetland ones, depend on wetland plants as their primary food source. Wetland plants also assist in the thermoregulation of many wetland animals and provide cover from predators. When wetland plants undergo decomposition by fungi and bacteria, they immediately become a source of nutrients for animals and other wetland plants (Dennison and Berry, 59). Wetland plants, specifically seed-producing ones, are very important in the regeneration of wetlands after periods of drawdown and drying. Read also Lab 2 Biology Other groups of organisms that inhabit wetlands, such as algae, fungi and bacteria, are also crucial for the survival of wetland ecosystems. Apart from making nutrients available to other organisms by decomposing dead plant and animal material, they likewise enable wetlands to survive certain weather and climatic conditions. The blue-green algae, for instance, may form a â€Å"periphyton† mat which has the capacity to withstand prolonged periods of drought. Consequently, the presence of a periphyton layer is considered as a possible sign that an area is a wetland (Dennison and Berry, 60). During the winter, many wetlands are transformed into valuable wildlife habitats. Evergreen forested wetlands (cedar swamps), for example, are the winter homes of deer and moose. Black ducks live in northeastern coastal marshes during the winter, while other waterfowl consider bottomland hardwood swamps as their winter refuge. In the Upper Midwest, migratory waterfowl start arriving in pothole wetlands even before winter starts. Male red-winged blackbirds are among the first migratory birds that return to freshwater marshes in the Northeast for the winter (Tiner, 28). In the winter and early spring, floodplain forested wetlands become important fish habitats. During these seasons, various fish species use the flooded wetlands either as spawning areas or nursery grounds. Some amphibians, however, start breeding in vernal pool wetlands in the northeastern United States even before winter begins. At the start of the year, the Jefferson salamander is the first amphibian to breed in vernal pools. According to animal experts, it â€Å"migrates over the snow on rainy nights in late winter to slip into the pond (vernal pool) through cracks in the ice† (Tiner, 28). But there is likewise significant breeding activity even before the start of winter. Marbled salamanders, for instance, migrate to dry vernal pools in the Northeast from late August to October. Males leave sperm sacks at the bottom of the pools for the females to fertilize their eggs with when they later arrive. The fertilized eggs are then left beneath leaf litter or rocks in the pool. The eggs hatch in the fall, with the larvae feeding on aquatic invertebrates (Tiner, 28). The pitcher-plant bog crayfish is another animal species which share the same type of life history requirement. They are active from late fall to late spring – periods when Mississippi’s pitcher-plant bogs are flooded. Pitcher-plant bog crayfishes begin to mate in the late spring, with the females retaining the fertilized eggs before depositing them in the flooded bogs in the winter (Tiner, 28). Apart from the suitability of breeding sites, other factors that control the distribution of animals within wetlands include the level of protection from predators, the speed of travel within a certain area and the availability of particular food sources (Galatowitsch and Van der Valk, 19). Some wetland animals thrive in most wetland habitants. Examples of these are the tiger salamanders, American toads, painted turtles and snapping turtles. This flexibility is required in order to meet changing requirements over their life cycles (Galatowitsch and Van der Valk, 20). Some animals, however, require very specific environments for feeding or nesting. Wet prairies, for instance, have tall and dense grass vegetation. In addition, they thaw and dry up earlier than deeper wetlands. Consequently, wet prairies are characterized by an abundant food supply and a grass cover that provides excellent protection against predators. Birds that live in wet prairies include ground-nesting birds like the northern harrier, short-eared owl, savannah sparrow, swamp sparrow and the common yellowthroat. The short-tailed shrew and the Franklin’s ground squirrel, meanwhile, are some examples of the mammals that live in wet prairies (Galatowitsch and Van der Valk, 20). Sedge meadows thaw early and remain moist even in summer, turning it into another early source of food and protection. Large sedges and grasses provide a close canopy but an open understory, allowing animals to move about more freely while keeping them protected from predatory birds (Galatowitsch and Van der Valk, 20). The aforementioned wet prairie birds can also nest in sedge meadows, along with other birds such as American bittern, common snipe, sedge wren, marsh wren and LeConte’s sparrow (Galatowitsch and Van der Valk, 21). Other mammals are likewise drawn to sedge meadows because of the latter’s reliable invertebrate populations. The masked shrews and the pygmy shrews, for instance, feed on plants and seeds that inhabit sedge meadows. Meadow voles, on the other hand, can be found on the moist parts of the meadow due to their diet of rushes, sedges, grasses, insect larvae and fungi. Meadow jumping mice have a diet that adapts to seasonal changes – invertebrates in the spring and seeds, fruits and fungi during the summer. Although chorus frogs thrive in different wetland habitats, they breed only in those with a lush growth of lushes, sedges and grasses – the vegetation effectively conceals their mating call against predators (Galatowitsch and Van der Valk, 21). Shallow emergent marshes are characterized by dense vegetation and prolonged standing water. As a result, they provide effective concealment and reliable source of food. Shallow emergent marshes are inhabited mostly by birds that build nests that are either floating on water or are anchored on emergent vegetation. The horned grebe, eared grebe, least bittern, Virginia rail and American coot are some examples of birds that inhabit shallow emergent marshes (Galatowitsch and Van der Valk, 21). It is often said that everything in this planet is interconnected. A seemingly â€Å"useless† insect may actually turn out to be an important cross-pollinator. A huge, leafy but fruitless tree might be the only source of food for animals in the forest during the summer season. A bacterium living in the ocean could have the capacity to filter the latter of pollutants. Thus, it is very important that wetlands be preserved. Although they may appear to be large mud puddles with lush vegetation, wetlands are in truth home to various organisms that depend on each other to sustain life on this planet. The extinction of wetlands, therefore, will spell the end of many plants and animals on which humans are dependent on for survival.

Farmers

Farmer’s discontent during the period 1870 – 1900 had an impact on their attitudes and actions towards national politics. During this time period manufacturing had a huge growth spurt and agricultural began to decline. This made it harder for farmers to make a living. Document G shows how much manufacturing increased between the years 1849 – 1899. America could no longer aspire to be a nation of small freehold farms. Manufacturers and people living in big cities depended on farmers to pretty much keep them alive. Many people didn’t realize how much of an affect farmers had on their everyday lives. If you took farms away from the United States during this period of time, everything would have completely crashed. Farmer’s had difficulties making a living because the rates of being a farmer were so high. â€Å"Nothing has done more to injure the western region than these freight rates. † (Document F) The high rates of being a farmer made it difficult to pay payments on the lands and the rate of interest was rapidly rising. Some farmers couldn’t even sell their produce at a reasonable profit. These farmers worked long, hard hours and the government wasn’t on their side about paying them with a decent income yet they wanted so much from the farmers. Along with farm prices failing, railroad prices were increasing. Railroads were important to farmers because they took farmers out to their lands, carried their produce of hard work to markets, and brought them the manufactured goods that they needed. Many farm settlements were established around railroads because of this reason. Railroad managers were forced to charge very high rates and because of it, that means farmers would have to pay more money to use railroads when they already used enough money keeping their crops alive. Document B talks about how it was also hard for colored farmers to make a living especially after the Civil War. â€Å"They had to get the local merchant or someone else to supply the food for the family to eat while the first crop was being made. (Document B) They couldn’t pay interest and by the end of the first year, they found themselves in debt. The attempt in the second year didn’t go so well either because they had old debts plus new interest to pay. â€Å"Many of the colored farmers had almost given up hope†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Document B) Not only was money an issue for farmers but also in the late 1880s and early 1890s crop suffered severely from droughts. It was cool and dry which was unfavorable for all crops. This made it difficult for farmers to keep their crops alive. By the late 1880s, farmers were so fed up with everything that they created the Farmers Alliance, seeking to overthrow the chains from the banks and railroads that bound them. The Farmers Alliance merged with other liberal Democrats to form the Populist Party. They strived for railroad regulation, tax reform, and unlimited coinage of silver. In the election of 1892 the Populist Party nominated James B.  Weaver for president and as Document D shows, most of the farmers in the west, mainly Nevada, voted for the Populist Party because that party was rooted in the frustration of the farmers and they needed change. The farmers were furious with the way things were going for them and they had hoped that the Populist Party would help. Even though they didn’t win the election, they made a remarkable showing with 1,029,846 popular votes and 22 electoral votes. These electoral votes only came from the midwestern and western states. With the creation of a new party, out of discontent, the farmers managed to change national politics.

Rhetorical Strategies In Jimmy Carters Women Abuse Of...

Rhetorical Strategies in Jimmy Carter’s â€Å"Women Abuse of Human Rights Speech† In May of 2015 the United States former president, Jimmy Carter made an appearance at TEDWomen where he gave a speech. Most of the concepts Jimmy Carter gave in his speech revolved around the abuse of women, and their human rights. In his speech he achieved to inform his audience how severe this issue is in the United States, and other nations. In order to pass the message on sufficiently, he uses different rhetorical strategies. Carter proceeds to establish his credibility by stating facts from personal experiences, as well as historical events from other nations. Several times throughout his speech he gives statistics, showing the audience how well aware he is†¦show more content†¦Demonstrating the care he has for his family gets the audience considering their own families, and their next generation, and what they might go through if something is not done about this issue. Furth er into the speech, Carter quickly establishes his credibility, and his appeals to ethos, followed by the facts, which help builds up the significance of the speech. Carter quickly authorize his credibility simply, because he is one of the United States former presidents. Through his use of ethos, Carter talks about how religion plays a part in the mistreatment of women. This shows credibility, because he displays that he is aware of the types of religion, and how they misinterpret their form of the bible. However, he even describes the faults of his own religion for the same misinterpretation. Crater shows that he can point a finger at one’s religion as well as his own. This appear to the audience that even a former president can expose the flaws of his own religion, and that Carter is not engaging in any bias. Also, Carter announces that he teaches Sunday School, representing he is well

Poem Bullying Change Analysis - 1327 Words

Good behavior can be hidden behind the face of one God’s helper. Antonio is a fourth-grade student who wrote a poem, titled â€Å"Bully...Change,† about what he thought about himself. The poem, titled †Bully...Change,† is about Antonio looking at himself in a mirror and questioning why he has not friends. In addition, Antonio experiences with the mirror resulted in him defining himself as a bully. Antonio makes one heart felt request. Antonio requested that the reflection in the mirror change him. The poem was give to Antonio s teacher by Antonio. The poem. titled â€Å"Bully...Change.† is a red flag on a Antonio poor reflection of self and deviant behavior. Based on the poem, Antonio has been bully his peer with physical and mental abuse.†¦show more content†¦Experiences can be good or bad. Bad experience results in poor attitudes of others, no belief for direction and guidance, no self-worth, and lack of skills for decision making and problem solving. Also, a bad experience can result in antisocial behavior creating deviant behavior like bullying from lack of self-awareness, self-regulating, self-concept, self-image, and self-esteem. For example, Antonio began his poem titled â€Å"Bully...Change† with the following words, â€Å"Mirror, mirror on the wall why must I be the bully that has to fall.† Antonio is looking deep into himself for some reason to why he behavior as he does. The only answer Antonio found with the mirror is expressed in the following statement, â€Å"Someone plant the seed inside me.† Based on Antonio statement, it is suggested that his agent of socialization influenced him with the seed of negative emotion and poor cognitive development resulting in antisocial behavior. Furthermore, It has be found that children who are bullies and bully-victims show more frequent antisocial behavior and lower levels of empathy compared to victims and children who do not experi ence bullying (Camodeca and Goossens, 2005). Antisocial behavior has been associated to impairment in somatic marker processing (Damà ¡sio et al., 1996). According to Damà ¡sio (1996), decision-making processesShow MoreRelatedCritical Analysis : The Love Song Of J. Alfred Prufrock895 Words   |  4 PagesCritical Analysis Writing a critical analysis is diving into the text. Readers must break down all parts of the text and pin pointing the author s purpose for the writing. A very challenging poem to analysis is T.S. Eliot’s â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock†. It has been declared that â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock† started that Anglo-American modernist movement with poetry. The poem was the first poem with American poetry to flow free verse. At the time, it was deemed an urban poem. TheRead MoreBruno Bettelheim s `` Punishment Versus Discipline ``1910 Words   |  8 Pageshealth issues. 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Analysis Of The Story Everyday Use - 1216 Words

â€Å"Everyday Use† From the beginning, the story is being told from the point of view of the mother. She introduces her two daughters, Dee and Maggie. She starts by comparing how much smarter Dee is compared to maggie and herself: She used to read to us without pity; forcing words, lies, other folks habits, whole lives upon us two, sitting trapped and ignorant underneath her voice. She washed us in a river of make believe, burned us with a lot of knowledge we didn t necessarily need to know. Pressed us to her with the serious way she read, to shove us away at just the moment, like dimwits, we seemed about to understand (Walker 492) Compared to Maggie, Dee is describe as the smarter, witty, beautiful, more outgoing daughter. Her mother also says that Dee has style. She is into the news and reading which definitely sets her apart from the other members in her family. It almost seems as if she looks down on the rest of her family. 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Engineering Ethics and Innovation Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Engineering Ethics and Innovation. Answer: Introduction Engineering ethics is a series of ethical and moral standards that are related to the field of engineering. Engineering ethics ensure that all moral standards and guidelines are followed while performing an engineering activity or running an engineering device. Engineering ethics are applied over all fields of engineering like civil, electrical, mechanical and others. Electromagnetic radiation is defined as the radiation of electromagnetic waves from an electronic device due to the interaction between the various components of the device (Kerker, 2016). Some of the commonly used devices that produce electromagnetic radiation are smartphones, television, computers and others. Due to the harmful nature of the electromagnetic waves for organic life, several engineering ethical standards have been applied on the usage of the electronic devices. However in reality, most of the users do not follow the ethical standards or moral issues associated with them and use the devices without any re strictions. Hence, it is important to analyze the moral and ethical issues associated with electromagnetic radiation and find out suitable solutions for the same. Engineering Ethics: An Analysis on Electromagnetic Radiation Electromagnetic Radiation and Its Effects Electromagnetic waves are packets of energy (photons) that arise from electromagnetic fields due to passage or movement of currents through the circuit. The waves carry electromagnetic radiant energy that move at the speed of light while being emitted from the source. Electromagnetic waves are created whenever some charged particles gain some momentum. Electromagnetic waves are generally harmful for organic life as the travelling wave can cause serious damage to the biological cells while travelling through them. The amount of damage depends on the frequency of the rays. Generally, the electromagnetic waves have the power to ionize atoms they pass through and it is extremely harmful if the atoms are in the biological cells as the cells get fatally damaged by the ionization process. Ethical Issues Associated with Electromagnetic Radiation As per the recent studies, electromagnetic radiation from commonly used devices like television, smartphones and others are causing serious health implication on human beings as well as the animals. Uncontrolled use of the devices can damage nerves of human beings that may even reach fatal level with constant exposure whereas the plants and animals are also damaged by the travelling waves. Naturally, the overuse of the devices has reached such an extent that ethical and moral standards have automatically kicked in. Possible Means of Prevention of the Issues With the constant evolution of technology, these devices are also getting technically upgraded every year thus increasing their usability and functions. Hence, it seems almost impossible to prevent the aforementioned issues but it is possible to minimize the problem so that it does not exceed the ultimate danger limit. Conclusion Finally, it can be concluded that electromagnetic radiation can cause significant implications on the usage of electronic devices as it violates a lot of ethical standards for the use of the devices like smartphones, laptops and others. From the entire research, it has been known that excessive usage of the devices having serious and harmful impacts on not only the user but also the individuals around the user. It has been found that in most of the houses where smart devices are used all day long, the harmful effects appear mostly on the infants and young children living in the house. Most of the high school children now own smartphones as a system of style and showoff but on the other hand, these children are continuously harmed by the electromagnetic radiation. Hence, it is important to raise significant awareness to let the people about the ethical implications of the use of the electronic devices in addition to the personal health impacts so that their usages can be restricted to as less as possible. Lessons Learnt and Recommendations During the study for this particular topic, I have learnt a lot of lessons regarding the usage of electronic devices. Although the harmful effects and ethical issues were known to me previously, I was wary about them and I used the devices throughout the days without considering its implications. Personal Competency Exhibited Challenges Faced I faced several challenges while undertaking research required for the development of this particular report. I needed to gather sufficient technical knowledge regarding electromagnetic radiation and its effects on organic life before I could analyze the ethical implications of the same. Competency in Research and Solving Problems I exhibited significant competency while undertaking the research for preparation of this report. I accessed an online library where I gathered some journal articles from reputed researchers that helped and guided me a lot through the course of my research. References Kerker, M. (2016). The scattering of light and other electromagnetic radiation. Elsevier.

What does it mean Does anythi... free essay sample

What does it mean? Does anything truly exist? Is the world something we have made up? All valid questions of doubt we tend to believe anything that is put in frint of us. Most of us dont think beyond the white pickett fence. Nagel makes us think and question reality in a sense. He explains everything as a question and it is your choice to believe what he is saying or doubt his reasons. It is all our choice to think and believe in what we choose to. We must do soul searching to come across all the things we may have never even began to think of in this life. In the second chapter, Nagel states that the world around us is the reality because we can study it and substantiate it, and similarly all the constituents of the world and all the theories are true only if they can be studied and substantiated for their content. We will write a custom essay sample on What does it mean? Does anythi or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Thomas Nagel poses the question How do we know anything? and begins his argument by introducing the possibility that there is nothing beyond our own consciousness and that the real world that we perceive with our 5 senses is nothing but an illusion. He compares this to a kind of dream-state. Nagel does not want us to forget everything we know but to change our thinking. Open our eyes to something different we have yet to think about.Is The World We Live in Real If there is truly nothing in existence outside of your own consciousness, then your actions and decisions affect no one but yourself, because nothing else exists. It would throw almost all conceptions of ethics completely out the window. However, the problem that we always come back around to we come to is the fact that we cannot possibly know for certain whether the world around us does or does not. What then are we to do? Will we assume, as the few Solipsists do, that the world does not exist, and live solely for our own enjoyment, or peace of mind? Will we, since there is no evidence to the contrary, assume that it does, and just go on living our lives as if we had never asked ourselves the question? Skepticism is the idea of doubting something other people believe to be true. For example, Nagel has a skeptic v iew towards the reality of the actual world. He believes that even though we can sense everything around us it may not be necessarily the truth. Everything we sense is due to our minds. Our minds are the one that allows us to sense and believe there is a real world but it does not necessarily prove there is a real world. Nagel goes on communicating this view throughout the entire chapter and shares a more radical view, solipsism. This is view is that the only real thing that exists is the mind.If we die in our dream we wake up and we cant perceive what happens after we die but we dies so what comes after death in real life we could wake up in the world that we never knew was here the whole time.He believes that even though we can sense everything around us it may not be necessarily the truth. Everything we sense is due to our minds. Our minds are the one that allows us to sense and believe there is a real world but it does not necessarily prove there is a real world. Nagel goes on communicating this view throughout the entire chapter and shares a more radical view, solipsism. This is view is that the only real thing that exists is the mind. If something cannot be proven it does not mean it cannot be true or that it does not exist. For example, the idea of a higher power known as God. God is something you cannot see or touched but, people believe there is a God. There is no real evidence of a God. Although there is no real way to know if God is real, then why do people believe in God? The answer is simple, sometimes we do not need all our doubts to be answer. Greedy or Free Will Nagel argues upon the free will that we exercise and whether or not our will actually is independent and if it is of any actual significance. Nagel begins to talk about free will by giving us an example of cake and peach. He starts off by saying that you are in a cafeteria line and you chose a piece of cake instead of peach. In your mind you already made up your mind on which item you were going to choose, you were open to have both but you chose to indulge yourself in a piece of cake.